CHAPTER 6
Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
1.
The types of evidence for a chemical reaction mentioned in the text are: a change in color,
formation of a solid, evolution of a gas, and absorption or evolution of heat. Other bits of
evidence that might also be observed include appearance or disappearance of a characteristic
odor, or separation of the reaction mixture into layers of visibly different composition.
2.
Most of these products contain a peroxide, which decomposes releasing oxygen gas.
3.
The oven cleaner is a more or less clear liquid (sodium hydroxide) when applied, but turns into a
thick, opaque, soapy layer after reacting with oils and greases on the oven walls. Chapter 21
discusses the formation of a soap by reaction of a fat or oil with sodium hydroxide.
4.
Bubbling takes place as the hydrogen peroxide chemically decomposes into water and oxygen
gas.
5.
The container of a flashlight battery usually consists of zinc, which is one of the substances
involved in the chemical reaction in the battery that generates the electricity. The fact that the
zinc decays until the battery leaks is a sign that a chemical reaction has taken place.
6.
The appearance of the black color actually signals the breakdown of starches and sugars in the
bread to elemental carbon. You may also see steam coming from the bread (water produced by
the breakdown of the carbohydrates).
7.
The substances to the left of the arrow are called the “reactants,” whereas those to the right of the
arrow are termed the “products.” The arrow indicates a chemical reaction has occurred.
8.
a.
N2, H2; The reactants are on the left side of the arrow.
b.
NH3; The products are on the right side of the arrow.
9.
the same as
10.
Balancing an equation ensures that no atoms are created or destroyed during the reaction. The
total mass after the reaction must be the same as the total mass before the reaction.
11.
In many reactions, the physical state of the reactants or products may influence whether or not the
reaction takes place. For example, some metallic elements do not react with cold water, but will
react vigorously with steam.
12.
gaseous
13.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
14.
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
15.
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
16.
N2H4(l) N2(g) + H2(g)
17.
KI(aq) + H2O(l) KOH(aq) + I2(s) + H2(g)
18.
19.
B2O3(s) + Mg(s) B(g) + MgO(s)
20.
CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
21.
P4(s) + Cl2(g) PCl3(s)
22.
SiO2(s) + C(s) Si(s) + CO(g)
23.
NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + H2O(g)
24.
25.
C2H2(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
26.
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
27.
BaO(s) + Al(s) Ba(s) + Al2O3(s)
CaO(s) + Al(s) Ca(s) + Al2O3(s)
SrO(s) + Al(s) Sr(s) + Al2O3(s)
28.
NO(g) + O3(g) NO2(g) + O2(g)
29.
CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CCl4(l) + HCl(g)
30.
P4(s) + O2(g) P2O5(s)
31.
CaO(s) + H2O(g) Ca(OH)2(s)
32.
Xe(g) + F2(g) XeF4(s)
33.
SnO2(s) + C(s) Sn(l) + CO(g)
34.
NH3(g) + O2(g) HNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
35.
The subscripts in a formula really define what compound is present, since the subscripts represent
in what proportions the elements combine to form the compound. Changing the subscripts would
be changing the identity of the compound.
36.
We cannot change the identities or formulas of the reactants or products in a chemical equation
when balancing the equation. The proposed equation has incorrectly changed one of the products
from water to hydrogen gas. (Use molecular-level drawings to support your answer.)
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
37.
a.
FeCl3 + KOH Fe(OH)3 + KCl
Balance chlorine: FeCl3 + KOH Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl
Balance potassium: FeCl3 + 3KOH Fe(OH)3 + 3KCl
Balanced equation: FeCl3(aq) + 3KOH(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3KCl(aq)
b.
Pb(C2H3O2)2 + KI PbI2 + KC2H3O2
Balance iodine: Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 2KI PbI2 + KC2H3O2
Balance potassium: Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KC2H3O2
Balanced equation: Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + KC2H3O2(aq)
c.
P4O10 + H2O H3PO4
Balance phosphorus: P4O10 + H2O 4H3PO4
Balance hydrogen: P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4
Balanced equation: P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq)
d.
Li2O + H2O LiOH
Balance lithium: Li2O + H2O 2LiOH
Balanced equation: Li2O(s) + H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq)
e.
MnO2 + C Mn + CO2
The equation is already balanced.
f.
Sb + Cl2 SbCl3
This equation is more difficult to balance than it may appear. The problem arises in the
fact that there are two Cl atoms on the left side of the equation, whereas there are three Cl
atoms on the right side of the equation. To balance the chlorine atoms, we need to know
the smallest whole number into which both 2 and 3 divide. This number is 6: we need to
adjust the coefficients of Cl2 and SbCl3 so that there will be 6 chlorine atoms on each side
of the equation.
Balance chlorine: Sb + 3Cl2 2SbCl3
Balance antimony: 2Sb + 3Cl2 2SbCl3
Balanced equation: 2Sb(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2SbCl3(s)
g.
CH4 + H2O CO + H2
Balance hydrogen: CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2
Balanced equation: CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
h.
FeS + HCl FeCl2 + H2S
Balance chlorine: FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
Balanced equation: FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
38.
39.
a.
K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + KCl(aq)
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
Balance chlorine: K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
Balanced equation: K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
b.
Fe(s) + H2O(g) FeO(s) + H2(g)
The equation is already balanced.
c.
NaOH(aq) + HClO4(aq) NaClO4(aq) + H2O(l)
The equation is already balanced.
d.
Mg(s) + Mn2O3(s) MgO(s) + Mn(s)
Balance oxygen: Mg(s) + Mn2O3(s) 3MgO(s) + Mn(s)
Balance magnesium: 3Mg(s) + Mn2O3(s) 3MgO(s) + Mn(s)
Balance manganese: 3Mg(s) + Mn2O3(s) 3MgO(s) + 2Mn(s)
Balanced equation: 3Mg(s) + Mn2O3(s) 3MgO(s) + 2Mn(s)
e.
KOH(s) + KH2PO4(aq) K3PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Balance potassium: 2KOH(s) + KH2PO4(aq) K3PO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Balance hydrogen: 2KOH(s) + KH2PO4(aq) K3PO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Balanced equation: 2KOH(s) + KH2PO4(aq) K3PO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
f.
NO2(g) + H2O(l) + O2(g) HNO3(aq)
Balance hydrogen: NO2(g) + H2O(l) + O2(g) 2HNO3(aq)
Balance nitrogen: 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) + O2(g) 2HNO3(aq)
Balance oxygen: 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) +
1
2 O2(g) 2HNO3(aq)
Balanced equation: 4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) 4HNO3(aq)
g.
BaO2(s) + H2O(l) Ba(OH)2(aq) + O2(g)
Balance oxygen: BaO2(s) + H2O(l) Ba(OH)2(aq) +
1
2 O2(g)
Balanced equation: 2BaO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 2Ba(OH)2(aq) + O2(g)
h.
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(l)
Balance hydrogen: 2NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + 3H2O(l)
Balance nitrogen: 2NH3(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) + 3H2O(l)
Balance oxygen: 2NH3(g) +
5
2 O2(g) 2NO(g) + 3H2O(l)
Balanced equation: 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
40.
a.
Na2SO4(aq) + CaCl2(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
b.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
c.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
d.
Br2(g) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) 2HBr(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
e.
3NaOH(s) + H3PO4(aq) Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
f.
2NaNO3(s) 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
g.
2Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4NaOH(aq) + O2(g)
h.
4Si(s) + S8(s) 2Si2S4(s)
41.
a.
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(l) + 4H2O(g)
b.
K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
c.
2HCl(aq) + FeS(s) FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
d.
Br2(g) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g) 2HBr(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
e.
CS2(l) + 3Cl2(g) CCl4(l) + S2Cl2(g)
f.
Cl2O7(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) Ca(ClO4)2(aq) + H2O(l)
g.
PBr3(l) + 3H2O(l) H3PO3(aq) + 3HBr(g)
h.
Ba(ClO3)2(s) BaCl2(s) + 3O2(s)
42.
a.
4NaCl(s) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + O2(g) 2Na2SO4(s) + 4HCl(g)
b.
3Br2(l) + I2(s) 2IBr3(s)
c.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(g) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
d.
2BF3(g) + 3H2O(g) B2O3(s) + 6HF(g)
e.
SO2(g) + 2Cl2(g) SOCl2(l) + Cl2O(g)
f.
Li2O(s) + H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq)
g.
Mg(s) + CuO(s) MgO(s) + Cu(l)
h.
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(l) + 4H2O(g)
43.
a.
4KO2(s) + 6H2O(l) 4KOH(aq) + O2(g) + 4H2O2(aq)
b.
Fe2O3(s) + 6HNO3(aq) 2Fe(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
c.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
d.
PCl5(l) + 4H2O(l) H3PO4(aq) + 5HCl(g)
e.
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
f.
2CaO(s) + 5C(s) 2CaC2(s) + CO2(g)
g.
2MoS2(s) + 7O2(g) 2MoO3(s) + 4SO2(g)
h.
FeCO3(s) + H2CO3(aq) Fe(HCO3)2(aq)
44.
a.
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
b.
PbCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
c.
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
d.
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g)
e.
Sr(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Sr(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
f.
BaO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + H2O2(aq)
g.
2AsI3(s) 2As(s) + 3I2(s)
h.
2CuSO4(aq) + 4KI(s) 2CuI(s) + I2(s) + 2K2SO4(aq)
45.
C2H2(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
46.
(a)
47.
KNO3(s) + C(s) K2CO3(s) + CO(g) + N2(g)
48.
whole numbers
49.
2H2(g) + CO(g) CH3OH(l)
50.
2Al2O3(s) + 3C(s) 4Al(s) + 3CO2(g)
51.
Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)
Fe3O4(s) + 4CO(g) 3Fe(s) + 4CO2(g)
52.
True. Coefficients can be fractions when balancing a chemical equation because the coefficients
represent a ratio of the moles needed for the reaction to occur. As a result, moles can be fractions
because it represents an amount. The key is to make sure the atoms are conserved from reactants
to products. Take note that the accepted convention is that the “best” balanced equation is the
one with the smallest integers (although not required).
53.
Fe(s) + O2(g) FeO(s)
Fe(s) + O2(g) Fe2O3(s)
54.
BaO2(s) + H2O(l) BaO(s) + H2O2(aq)
55.
4B(s) + 3O2(g) 2B2O3(s)
B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) 2B(OH)3(s)
56.
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
57.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(g) + O2(g)
58.
59.
CaSiO3(s) + 6HF(g) CaF2(aq) + SiF4(g) + 3H2O(l)
60.
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
61.
Many over-the-counter antacids contain either carbonate ion (CO32–) or hydrogen carbonate ion
(HCO3–). When either of these encounter stomach acid (primarily HCl), carbon dioxide gas is
released.
62.
Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)
63.
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
64.
K2CrO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
65.
H2S(g) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) PbS(s) + HNO3(aq)
66.
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Cl2(g)
2NaBr(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Br2(g)
2NaI(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + I2(g)
67.
Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)
68.
(e); Subscripts cannot be changed to balance an equation. If the subscripts are changed, then the
identity of at least one of the compounds will change.
69.
P4(s) + O2(g) P4O10(g)
70.
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
71.
PbS(s) + O2(g) PbO(s) + SO2(g)
72.
(a)
73.
a.
Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) Br2(l) + 2KCl(aq)
b.
4Cr(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cr2O3(s)
c.
P4(s) + 6H2(g) 4PH3(g)
d.
2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
e.
PCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
f.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
g.
C7H16(l) + 11O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)
h.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
74.
75.
a.
SiCl4(l) + 2Mg(s) Si(s) + 2MgCl2(s)
b.
2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)
c.
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) 3Mn(s) + 2Al2O3(s)
d.
16Cr(s) + 3S8(s) 8Cr2S3(s)
e.
4NH3(g) + 3F2(g) 3NH4F(s) + NF3(g)
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Chapter 6: Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
f.
Ag2S(s) + H2(g) 2Ag(s) + H2S(g)
g.
3O2(g) 2O3(g)
h.
8Na2SO3(aq) + S8(s) 8Na2S2O3(aq)
76.
Answers will vary but the following balanced equation should be reported:
77.
(d) and (e); When balancing a chemical equation, the coefficients can be changed as needed (but
not the subscripts). The coefficients refer to the number of atoms/molecules or moles in the
balanced equation in order to follow the law of conservation of matter. In a chemical equation,
the reactants are on the left and the products are on the right.
78.
79.
89