mecㆍviewer v1.4 :: 영어음운론 2-3.pptx

2. Phonology

2.1 Introduction

     - Several sounds may be shared by a multiplicity of languages. It is also
       possible that two or more languages have exactly the same sounds.
       However, having the same sounds does not mean that their phonologies
       are the same.                         ← /n/

         e.g.)  name [nem]      voiced alveolar nasal
                snail [s  el]        partially devoiced nasal
                invite [ɪɱvaɪt]    labio-dental nasal
                panther [pæ   ɵɚ]  dental nasal

     - In fact, the sounds that are identified as the same are not phonetically
       identical. However, native speakers of English do not pay attention to

them,

as the differences are functionally not relevant in their language.

•

In Malayalam(spoken in the southwest of India), the employment of dental
nasal [ ] instead of alveolar nasal [n] in a given word can change the mean-
ing of the word, the phonetic difference between the dental and alveolar
nasals cannot be overlooked, and the speakers of Malayalam would per-
ceive the phonetic difference under consideration immediately.

•

In Spanish, a single orthographic d is differently pronounced as dentalized
stop

and dental fricative [ð] according to its position in a word. But Spanish
      speakers overlook the phonetically different sounds.
         e.g.)  dentalized       :    drama   “drama”
                                        dolor    “pain”
                dental fricative [ð] :  comida    “food”
                                            lado       “side”

- The difference between these two sounds is very critical in English as in
day[de] and they[ðe]

2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution

2.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast

   -  When two sounds are capable of occurring in the same environment, we say
      that these sounds are in overlapping distribution.
        e.g.)   lake[lek]    -  rake[rek]                kin [kɪn]  -  king[kɪŋ]
                mole[mol]  -  more[mor]
                elect[ɪlɛkt]  -  erect[ɪrɛk]

          -> The sounds [l] and [r] are capable of occurring in the same environment
              and the sounds [n] and [ŋ] in English may be found in an overlapping
              distribution only in a syllable-final position.

     # In an overlapping distribution, the substitution of one sound for the other
       changes the meaning of the word, when they are in contrast, and they are
       the manifestations of different phonemes.

Minimal pairs: The overlapping environments and meaning contrasts pro-

duce

minimal pairs which are pairs of words that have exactly the same

                          sounds in the same order except for a single difference in sounds,
                          and have different meanings.
    e.g.)    jail – Yale       /ʤ/ - /j/    [ʤel] – [jel]
             budge – buzz  /

ʤ/ - /z/ [bʌʤ] – [bʌz]

witch – wish /