# Other allomorphic alternations in English
(i) regular past tense verb suffixes
allomorph
past tense morpheme
[d] ‘played’
‘-ed’ [t] ‘finished’
[ɪd] ‘wanted’ ← [ɪ] insertion
(ii) regular plural noun suffixes
allomorph
plural morpheme
[s] ‘cats’
‘-s’ [z] ‘dogs’
[ɪz] ‘dishes’ ← [ɪ] insertion
⇒ The assimilatory situation is at work only across morpheme bound-
aries.
But several other processes(epenthesis, deletion, metathesis) can be
involved to show morphophonemic alternations.
♣ Answer the questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in Exercises on page 53-
58.
3. English Consonants
3.1 Stops
(1) Devoicing of voiced stops
English voiced stops /b, d, g/ will be fully voiced in the intervocalic position:
aboard, adore, eager. In initial and final positions, /b, d, g/ are partially
voiced, as follows:
(a) bay (b) cab (c)bib
day sad did
gay sag gig
(i) Devoicing in these positions is not total, and partially devoiced, not
voiceless.
(ii) Final devoicing is greater than initial devoicing.
(ⅲ) If there is a voiced sound immediately after, devoicing does not take
place:
in dog-meal, /g/ is not devoiced, while in dog-food, /g/ is devoiced.
(2) Aspiration
The voiceless stops /p, t, k/ is pronounced with aspiration at the beginning of
stressed syllables: pay[phe], take[thek], cab[khæb], apart[əphart],
attack[əthæk], occur[əkhɝ].
- Weak Aspiration:
(a) in an unstressed syllable: polite[pəláɪt], vacuum[vǽkjum] → unaspi-
rated
(b) before a syllabic consonant: pickle[pɪkl] → unaspirated
(c) if released in final position: sit[sɪt], sick[sɪk] → weak released
- Unreleased stops: Syllable-final single coda stops are unreleased.
mop[pㄱ], sit[tㄱ], sack[kㄱ], mob[bㄱ], sad[dㄱ], bag[gㄱ]
- When it is not following a vowel, most speakers release the final /t/: fast[t].
(3) Unrelease
When a word is with two non-homorganic stops in a row, there is no audible
release for the first stop:
sipped [pㄱ+t], cheap date [pㄱ+d], sobbed [bㄱ+d]
(2) Aspiration
The voiceless stops /p, t, k/ is pronounced with aspiration at the beginning o
stressed syllables: pay[phe], take[thek], cab[khæb], apart[əphart],
attack[əthæk], occur[əkhɝ].
- Weak Aspiration:
(a) in an unstressed syllable: polite[pəláɪt], vacuum[vǽkjum] → unaspi-
rated
(b) before a syllabic consonant: pickle[pɪkl] → unaspirated
(c) if released in final position: sit[sɪt], sick[sɪk] → weak released
- Unreleased stops: Syllable-final single coda stops are unreleased.
mop[pㄱ], sit[tㄱ], sack[kㄱ], mob[bㄱ], sad[dㄱ], bag[gㄱ]
- When it is not following a vowel, most speakers release the final /t/: fast[t].
(3) Unrelease
When a word is with two non-homorganic stops in a row, there is no audibl
release for the first stop:
sipped [pㄱ+t], cheap date [pㄱ+d], sobbed [bㄱ+d]
(4) One prolonged closure for stop + homorganic stop sequences:
big girl, black cat, sad dog, top block, white dog, . .
[g:] [k:] [d:] [b:] [d:]
An assimilatory situation arises when a non-alveolar stop is preceded by
an alveolar stop: night cap [naɪt kæp] → [naɪk:æp],
white paper [waɪt pepɚ] → [waɪp:epɚ]
red badge [rɛd bæ
ʤ] → [rɛb:æʤ]
: alveolar stops /t, d/ become bilabial [p, b] or velar [k, g] respectively,
because of the following bilabial/velar stops, while maintaining the
original voicing.
(5) nasal release: The stop closure is maintained and nasally released in the
sequence of stop + homorganic nasal.
(a) syllabic nasal: button[-tn], sudden[-dn], taken[-kŋ]
(b) nasal plosion in the initial position of the following syllable of the word:
submarine/b+m/ → [m:], madness/d+n/ → [n:]
(c) nasal release in the initial position of the next word: sad news/d+n/→
[n:]
(4) One prolonged closure for stop + homorganic stop sequences:
big girl, black cat, sad dog, top block, white dog, . .
[g:] [k:] [d:] [b:] [d:]
An assimilatory situation arises when a non-alveolar stop is preceded by
an alveolar stop: night cap [naɪt kæp] → [naɪk:æp],
white paper [waɪt pepɚ] → [waɪp:epɚ]
red badge [rɛd bæ
ʤ] → [rɛb:æʤ]
: alveolar stops /t, d/ become bilabial [p, b] or velar [k, g] respectively,
because of the following bilabial/velar stops, while maintaining the
original voicing.
(5) nasal release: The stop closure is maintained and nasally released in the
sequence of stop + homorganic nasal.
(a) syllabic nasal: button[-tn], sudden[-dn], taken[-kŋ]
(b) nasal plosion in the initial position of the following syllable of the word
submarine/b+m/ → [m:], madness/d+n/ → [n:]
(c) nasal release in the initial position of the next word: sad news/d+n/→
[n:]