3.2 Fricatives
(1) The voiced fricatives are fully voiced only in intervocalic position,
and
partially voiced in initial and final positions:
zip [zɪp], resume [rəzum], buzz [bʌz]
partially voiced fully voiced partially voiced
(2) The length of the preceding vowel or sonorant consonant is de-
pendent on
the following fricative. Thus, the first member of each of the following pairs
has a longer vowel/sonorant than the second member, as it is followed by a
lenis(voiced) fricative:
save –safe fens – fence shelve – shelf
[sev] – [sef] [fɛnz]- [fɛns] [ʃɛlv] - [ʃɛlf]
The sounds represented as bold letters are longer than the counterparts.
- When a word ends in a fricative and the next word starts with the same
fricative, we get one longer narrowing of the vocal tract:
tennis socks [s:] half full [f:]
(3) A subgroup of fricatives(/s, z, ʃ, ʒ/), that are known as “sibi-
lants,” are
very important for certain regularities in English phonology.
In the formation of the regular noun plurals, third person possessive
marking, and marking of the third person verb ending in the simple
present,
sibilants play an important role.
plural possession simple present
cats [s] Jack’s [s] he jumps [s]
dogs [z] John’s [z] he runs [z]
buses [əz] or [ɪz] George’s [əz] he catches [əz]
The sibilants include affricates / ʧ, ʤ/
- If the last sound of the singular noun, possessor, or verb is a sibilant,
then the ending is [əz]; if the last sound is not a sibilant, then the end-
ing
is either a [s] or [z], and this is determined by its voicing.
(4) Palatoalveolar fricatives /ʃ, ʒ/ has an appreciable lip rounding
(labializaiton). Alveolars /s, z/ may undergo palatalization and
turn into [ʃ, ʒ], when they occur before the palatal glide /j/.
I miss you this year I please you
[aɪmɪʃji] [ðɪʃjir] [aɪpliʒju]
( ‘want you’ [ ], ‘did you’ [ ] )
♣ The alveolar obstruents of English /t, d, s, z/ become palato-alveolar
when followed by a word that starts with the palatal glide /j/.
- Interdental fricatives /ɵ, ð/ may undergo the elision process when they
occur before the alveolar fricatives /s, z/: clothes [kloz], months [mʌns].
(5) The voiced palato-alveolar /ʒ/ is not found in word-initial posi-
tion.
/ʒ/ is established in final position: massage, beige, garage
( A limited exception in loan words may be found: genre [ʒanrə].)
(6) The glottal /h/ can only appear in syllable-initial(never sylla-
ble-final)
position. So it is voiceless word-initially: home, his, etc.
However, it is pronounced with breathy voice intervocalically:
ahead, behind, behave. ← transcribed as [ɦ]
☞ For the other detailed explanation, see page 67.
(6) The glottal /h/ can only appear in syllable-initial(never sylla-
ble-final)
position. So it is voiceless word-initially: home, his, etc.
However, it is pronounced with breathy voice intervocalically
ahead, behind, behave. ← transcribed as [ɦ]
☞ For the other detailed explanation, see page 67.