6.5.1 Single onsets
- The only consonant that is not allowed to take the onset position in
English is /ŋ/, while the consonant that is allowed to take the only onset
position is /h/.
- /ʒ/ does not start an English word but is capable of occurring in
non-word-initial onsets, as in vision [vɪ.ʒən] and measure [mɛ.ʒɚ].
cf) some loan words such as genre,
some foreign names such as Zhivago
- /ð/ shows the restricted occurrence in word-initial position; in
grammatical(function) words (e.g. the, then, there, them, etc.) word-
initially.
6.5.2 Double onsets
- Refer to Table 6.1 on page 164.
•
No voiced fricative can serve as C2. Only /v/ can be a C1, and it can com-
bine only with /j/ (e.g. view).
•
No non-lateral approximant (/r, w, j/) can serve as C1; the lateral can only
precede /j/ (only for some speakers).
•
No voiced stop can serve as C2.
•
No fricative other than /f/ can serve as C2, and this can only be preceded
by a /s/ in rarely found vocabulary (e.g. sphere).
•
No stops or nasals are allowed as C2, except after /s/ (e.g. speak, small).
•
/s/ and /ʃ/ are complementary: /s/ does not occur before /r/, and /ʃ/
occurs only before /r/ (e.g. shrimp).
•
/h/ and /m/ can only occur before /j/ (e.g. huge, music).
•
/ɵ/ can precede only /r/ and /w/ (e.g. three, thwart).
•
Labials (C1) do not cluster with a labial approximant (*/pw/, */bw/, */mw/).
•
No geminates (i.e. Doubled consonant sounds) are allowed (*/pp/, */tt/).
•
Alveolar stops (C1) do not cluster with /l/ (*/tl/, */dl/).
6.5.2 Double onsets
- Refer to Table 6.1 on page 164.
•
No voiced fricative can serve as C2. Only /v/ can be a C1, and it can com-
bine only with /j/ (e.g. view).
•
No non-lateral approximant (/r, w, j/) can serve as C1; the lateral can only
precede /j/ (only for some speakers).
•
No voiced stop can serve as C2.
•
No fricative other than /f/ can serve as C2, and this can only be preceded
by a /s/ in rarely found vocabulary (e.g. sphere).
•
No stops or nasals are allowed as C2, except after /s/ (e.g. speak, small).
•
/s/ and /ʃ/ are complementary: /s/ does not occur before /r/, and /ʃ/
occurs only before /r/ (e.g. shrimp).
•
/h/ and /m/ can only occur before /j/ (e.g. huge, music).
•
/ɵ/ can precede only /r/ and /w/ (e.g. three, thwart).
•
Labials (C1) do not cluster with a labial approximant (*/pw/, */bw/, */mw/).
•
No geminates (i.e. Doubled consonant sounds) are allowed (*/pp/, */tt/).
•
Alveolar stops (C1) do not cluster with /l/ (*/tl/, */dl/).
◈ Summary
(1) English double onsets are either (a) /s/+C(where C=any consonant
that can assume the position of C2 except /r/; /ʃ/ appears before /
r/),
and (b) obstruent+approximant, with the limitations cited above.
(2) While the pattern of C1 as an obstruent and C2 as a sonorant is
very
common, we do not have any double onset in which the reverse
(C1=sonorant and C2=obstruent) is true.
(3) Double onset patterns obey Sonority Sequencing Principle(SSP).
In any syllable, there is a segment constituting a sonority peak that is
preceded and/or followed by a sequence of segments with progressively
decreasing sonority values.
(4) The sonority level of English double onset will rise from C1 to C2.
(5) The violations of this SSP are /s/+stop clusters (/sp/, /st/, /sk/):
the /s/ on the onset behaves exceptionally.
◈ Summary
(1) English double onsets are either (a) /s/+C(where C=any consonant
that can assume the position of C2 except /r/; /ʃ/ appears before /
r/),
and (b) obstruent+approximant, with the limitations cited above.
(2) While the pattern of C1 as an obstruent and C2 as a sonorant is
very
common, we do not have any double onset in which the reverse
(C1=sonorant and C2=obstruent) is true.
(3) Double onset patterns obey Sonority Sequencing Principle(SSP).
In any syllable, there is a segment constituting a sonority peak that is
preceded and/or followed by a sequence of segments with progressively
decreasing sonority values.
(4) The sonority level of English double onset will rise from C1 to C2.
(5) The violations of this SSP are /s/+stop clusters (/sp/, /st/, /sk/):
the /s/ on the onset behaves exceptionally.