(3) Diphthongs(이중모음)
(a) The vowels we have studied so far are simple vowels, called monophthong.
Monophthong means the sound that has no change of a sound value.
e.g.) calm, pot, pool, but
[a:] [a] [u:] [ʌ]
(b) A diphthong is a sequence of two vowel sounds “squashed” together.
The vowel sound in the word bite[baɪt] is the [a] followed by the [ɪ], resulting in the diphthong
[aɪ].
bout[baʊt] is the [a] followed by the [ʊ], resulting in the diphthong [aʊ].
boy[bɔɪ] is the [ɔ] followed by the [ɪ], resulting in the diphthong [ɔɪ].
(c) A diphthong is a unit as a single vowel within a syllable, though it has two sound values.
(d) The mid vowels [e] and [o] may be diphthongized, especially in American English.
These sounds denote [eɪ] and [oʊ] respectively.
(e) Diphthongs are always tense vowels.
(f) The sound [ɪ] or [ʊ] within a diphthong can be described a glide [y] or [w]:
e.g.) [ay], [aw], [ow], [ey], [ɔy]
(g) According to where the place of articulation changes toward,
diphthongs can be classified by three types:
Fronting Diphthong(전향 이중모음): [eɪ], [aɪ], [ɔɪ]
Backing Diphthong(후향 이중모음): [aʊ], [oʊ]
Centering Diphthong(중향 이중모음): [ɪə], [ɛə], [ʊə], [ɔə], [aə]
3. Major Phonetic Classes
(1) Noncontinuants and Continuants(비계속음과 계속음):
When the stream of air flows continuously out of the mouth, continuants are produced.
[noncontinuant]: oral stops, nasal stops, affricates
[continuant]: all other consonants, all vowels
(2) Obstruents and Sonorants(저해음과 공명음):
When some sounds have much less obstruction to the flow of air than the obstruents,
which permits the air to resonate, the sounds are sonorants. With the obstruction of the
airstream, the sounds are called obstruents.
[sonorant]: nasals, liquids, glides, vowels
[obstruent]: non-nasal stops(oral stops), fricatives, affricates
(3) Consonantal Sounds(자음의 특성을 가진 소리)
(a) The obstruents, nasal stops, and liquids in a subclass of consonants called consonantal,
from which the glides are excluded.
(b) Glides are the most vowel-like, and the least consonant-like of the consonants.
Glides may even be referred to as “semivowels” or “semi-consonants”.
(c) Labials: articulation with the involvement of the lips: [p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [w], [
ʍ]
-- bilabials, labiodentals, labio-velar glide
Coronals: articulated by raising the tongue blade: [
ɵ], [ð], [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ],
[
ʤ], [l], [r]
-- interdentals, alveolars, alveopalatals
Anteriors: produced in front part of the mouth, from the alveolar area forward:
[p], [b], [m], [f], [v], [ɵ], [ð], [t], [d], [n], [s], [z]
-- bilabials, labiodentals, interdentals, alveolars
Sibilants: The friction created by sibilants produces a hissing sound, which is a mixture of
high-frequency sounds acoustically: [s], [z], [
ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ]
(4) Syllabic Sounds(음절의 핵이 되는 소리)
(a) Sounds that may function as the core of a syllable possess the feature syllabic.
Vowels are clearly syllabic, but they are not the only sound class that anchors syllables.
(b) Liquids and nasals are syllabic consonants.
(The diacritic mark under the [l], [r], [m], and [n] is the notation for syllabic.)
e.g.) dazzle, faker, rhythm, wagon
[dæzl] [fekr] [rɪðm] [wægn] The red sounds are syllabic.
## Syllable Structure
Syllable Syllable Syllable
Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme Onset Rhyme
Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda Nucleus Coda
[ t r i ] [ d æ z l ]
“tree” “dazzle”
=================
- Questions: Answer the questions in Exercises on pages 218-223; Focus on the number
1,2,3,5,6,9,11,12
10<2>