1. Phonology is the study of how speech sounds form patterns.
These patterns may be as simple as the fact that the velar nasal [ŋ] cannot begin a syllable in English,
or as complex as why g is silent in sign but is pronounced in the related word signature.
---the same patterns: autumn / autumnal bomb / bombard
2. Phonology is like the way we defined grammar: your mental knowledge of your language,
or a linguist’s description of that knowledge.
1.
The Pronunciation of Morphemes(형태소의 발음)
(1) The Pronunciation of Plurals
- English nouns have a plural form: The final sound of the plural nouns is [z], [s], [əz]:
a. [z]: cabs, bags, gloves, clothes, cams, cans, balls, bars spas, boys, …
b. [s]: caps, cats, books, faiths, roofs, …
c. [əz]: buses, bushes, garages, matches, badges, …
Allomorph (이형태) Environment
[z] After voiced nonsibilant segments
[s] After voiceless nonsibilant segments
[əz] After sibilant segments
**sibilant: [s, z,
ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ]
6. Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language
- An even more concise way to express these rules is to assume that the basic or underlying
form of the plural morpheme is /z/, with the meaning ‘plural.’
This is the “default” pronunciation. The rules tell us when the default does not apply:
1. Insert a [ə] before the plural morpheme /z/ when a regular noun ends in a sibilant, giving [əz].
2. Change the plural morpheme /z/ to a voiceless [s] when preceded by a voiceless sound.
(It’s crucial that this rule apply after Rule 1, as we’ll see.)
- Morphophonemic rules determine the phonetic form of the plural morpheme and other morphemes
of the language.
- [z], [s], [əz] are morphophonemic plural sounds which has a common meaning “plural”.
(형태음소적)
bus + pl. butt + pl. bug + pl.
Basic
representation /b
ʌs + z/ /bʌt + z/ /bʌg + z/
Apply rule 1
ə NA NA
Apply rule 2 NA s NA
Phonetic
representation [bʌsəz] [
bʌts] [bʌgz]
(NA means “not applicable.”)
2. Phonemes(음소): The Phonological Units of Language
(1) Illustration of Allophones(이음)
(a) Each phoneme is manifested aurally by one or more sounds, called allophones,
in various environments.
e.g.) The phoneme /p/ is pronounced with the aspiration allophone [ph] in pit
but without aspiration [p] in spit. (additionally unreleasion [pㄱ] in stop)
(b) A single phoneme can be produced as different allophones depending on its envi-
ronments.
phoneme allophones phoneme allophones
[ph] pill, par [ĩ]: [bĩn] bean
/i/
/p/ [p] spill, spar [i]: [bid] bead
[pㄱ] nap, stop
Voiceless stops /t/ and /k/ show the same forms with phonetic allophones of /p/
(c) Spelling Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
tick /tɪk/ [thɪkㄱ]
stick /stɪk/ [stɪkㄱ]
blitz /blɪts/ [blɪts]
bitter /bɪtɾər/ [bɪtɾər]
(2) Phonemes and How to Find Them
- A phoneme is a smallest sound unit. And the difference of a single phoneme in words causes
a minimal pairs which has different meanings.
[b_t]: beat, bit, bait, bet, boot, but, boat, bought, bite, …
[i] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [u] [ʌ] [oʊ] [ɔ] [aɪ]
Any two of these words form a minimal pair(최소대립쌍):
two different words that differ in one sound in the same position.
The pair [bid] and [bĩd] are not different words; they are variants of the same word.
Therefore, [i] and [ĩ] do not belong to different phonemes. They have the same phoneme.
The allophones that share a phoneme cannot be minimal pairs.
(3) Complementary Distribution(상보적 분포)
- Minimal pairs illustrate that some speech sounds in a language are contrastive and can be
used
to make different words such as big and dig.
- Allophones cannot be minimal pairs because oral and nasal vowels such as [bid] and [bĩd]
are
non-contrastive sounds. The allophones of a phoneme shows complementary distribu-
tion.
- Aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stop consonants are in complementary distribution.
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Question:
1. Can the relation between [õ] and [o] in words roam[rõm] and robe[rob] be allophones or a minimal
pair?
2. Can the past tense morpheme “-ed “, pronounced by [t], [d], and [
ɪd] cause allomorphs or allophones?
If they are illustrated by a phonological rule based on regular sound patterns, apply the rules orderly.
3. Show the evidence that complementary distribution doesn’t cause the difference of the meaning
between words.
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