1. vowel quadrangle

	front	central	back
high	i ɪ		u ʊ
mid	e ɛ	ə,ɝ ʌ	o (ɔ)
low	æ		ɔ a

tense vowel: [i], [e], [u], [o], [ɔ:], [a:], [ɝ]

lax vowel: [ɪ], [ɛ], [æ], [ʊ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɔ], [a]

rounded vowel: [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ] -- 'boot, put, boat, bore'

stressed lax vowel: [ʌ] -- 'bus, mother, hut, cut, tough, cover, flood'

stressed tense schwa: [ɝ] -- 'firm, urge, burn, murk, heard, earn'

unstressed lax schwa: [ə], [ɚ]

2. English consonant segments by a three-term label

a. the manner of articulation: stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, approximant(liquid, glide), flap

b. the place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, alveopalatal,

palatal, velar, glottal

c. voicing: voiced, voiceless

# flap: allophone of a phoneme /t/ or /d/ in the examples 'writer, rider,

latter, ladder, bottle, matter, saddle, automatic

Place

Bilabial

Labio- dental

Dental

Alveolar

Alveo- palatal

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

voicing Manner

vl

vd

vl

vd

vl

vd

vl

vd

vl

vd

vl

vd

vl

vd

vl

vd

Plosive

p

b

t

d

k

g

ʔ

Fricative

f

v

ɵ

ð

s

z

š

ž

h

Affricate

č

ǰ

Nasal

m

ɱ

n

ŋ

Liquid

l,r

Glide

(w)

y

w

Flap

ɾ