6. Reflexive Interpretation
There is a semantic argument in support of positing a rule of WH-Movement:
i.e. an argument to do with the interpretation of reflexive pronouns.
Depending on Reflexive Interpretation Rule, ‘himself’ in the following sentence repre-
sents
Harry as its antecedent:
John said that Harry spoke about himself to Fred.
Reflexive Interpretation Rule:
A reflexive is construed with some preceding NP in its own clause which
has the same number, person and gender.
But it seems apparently that the sentence (70) violates the Reflexive Interpretation Rule.
(70) Which witness did you say you thought perjured himself?
The reflexive pronoun ‘himself’ is not construed with the preceding NP in its own clause
because ‘which witness’ is positioned at the front of the say-clause, but ‘himself’ is
contained in the perjured-clause. But the sentence (70) is grammatical.
How can we explain the grammaticality of (70)? The answer is that ‘which witness’
originates in the blank position before the movement in underlying structure as
the
subject of the perjured-clause. At this time, ‘himself’ is construed with ‘which witness’,
and
then the Reflexivization is not problematic.
The solution is in the assumptions of (i) an abstract level of underlying structure, and
(ii) a rule of WH-Movement mapping the underlying structure onto the associated
surface structure.
7. Complementiser(COMP)
(1) When a wh-phrase undergoes WH-Movement, where exactly does it get moved to?
The answer is ‘complementiser(COMP)’ in presubject position in a clause.
(2) The complementiser has two basic types: noninterrogative like ‘that’ and inter-
rogative
like ‘wh-word’ (or wh-phrase).
(77) (a) I said that I would go home (78) (a) S’ → COMP - S
(b) I wonder whether he would go home (b) COMP → ±WH
In (77) (b), the wh-word ‘whether’ is not moved like a noninterrogative ‘that’.
But ‘whether’ is a complementiser as a clause-introducing particle.
(3) Wh-phrases are adjoined to the left of complementisers
There are two types of possible adjunction operation to COMP: (i) sister-adjunction
and (ii) Chomsky-adjunction.
The underlying structure of a sentence ‘I don’t know what he will do’ is (82):
If the wh-word ‘what’ is sister-adjoined to the empty COMP, the structure (83) is derived.
But if it is Chomsky-adjoined, the structure (84) is derived.
(4) We can posit that main clauses have an abstract COMP (either interrogative or
noninterrogative) and the wh-phrases are adjoined to COMP. The sentence
(86) will
be derived from the underlying structure (87), and the surface structure (88)
shows
WH-Movement (with Chomsky-adjunction) and NP-AUX Inversion:
(86) What will he do?
(5) In main clauses in English, the complementiser nodes are always left
empty,
but the main clauses in English do not typically have overt complementisers
introducing them as in (89):
(89) (a) *That I am happy.
(b) *Whether you are happy too?
The ‘whether’ in (89) (b) cannot form a question. ‘Whether’ is not a interrogative.
However, if ‘that’ and ‘whether’ are used as embedded-clause complementisers,
the complementisers should be overt, like these:
(a) I said that I was happy
(b) I wonder whether you are happy too