13. Case-marking in WH-Movement
# Review: Case-marking in NP-Movement takes place at S-structure after movement.
(87) John2 was arrested [NP2 e ]
NP-trace
The NP John is moved to the tensed subject position, when NP-trace leaves.
Since the passive verb arrested cannot assign a case to John, John needs to be moved
to the case-marked position: i.e. NP-trace position has no case by NP-Trace Condition.
# Case-marking in WH-movement is different from that in NP-movement.
(88) Who did they arrest?
(89) [s’ COMP [s they did arrest who ]] -> D-structure
(90) [s’ [COMP who2] [s did they arrest [NP2 e ] ] ] -> S-structure
WH-trace
(90)
[s’ [COMP who2] [s did they arrest [NP2 e ] ] ] -> S-structure
WH-trace
The wh-trace [NP2 e] is governed by the transitive verb arrest, and hence assigned Objective
case.
WH-CASE CONVENTION is applied to (90):
(91) WH-CASE CONVENTION
A moved wh-phrase inherits the case of its trace.
◈ Since the trace of the moved wh-phrase in (90) is assigned objective case, the wh-phrase it-
self
will inherit this objective case-marking by (91).
◈ Result: The traces left behind by NP-movement(np-trace) are never case-marked,
but traces left behind by WH-movement(wh-trace) can indeed carry case-marking.
(94) *Who was it arrested?
[s’ COMP [s it was arrested who ] ] (D-structure)
[s’ [COMP who ] [s was it arrested [NP e] ] ] (S-structure)
Wh-trace [NP e] must have a case, so the moved who does not inherit a case of the
trace,
resulting in the NP who has no case.
Therefore, (94) is ungrammatical, violating Case Filter and WH-CASE CONVENTION.
♣ Consider the sentence (95). Why is it ungrammatical?
(95) *Who will Mary try to go?
(96)
(97)
◈ Summary about traces
◈ Exercise: Why are they grammatical or ungrammatical? (see p. 341-343)
(1) *John is certain t will resign
(2) John is certain t to resign
(3) *Who is it certain t to resign?
(4) Who is it certain t will resign?
# NP-movement and WH-movement with passive structures.
(1) The enemy will be destroyed
The enemyi will be destroyed [ ti ]
(2) *Who will it be destroyed?
[COMP who2] will it be destroyed [ t2 ]