4. Other examples for Binding Condition
(23) (a) *Himself might hurt John cf) (a) *He2 might hurt John2
(b) He might hurt John (b) He2 might hurt John3 (satisfies BC (C))
S
NP TENSE VP
himself2 +past V NP
he3 might hurt John2
Himself와 he의 Binding Condition 준수여부를 고려할 때 himself와 he는 TENSE에 의해 nominative case
를 받고
govern되며 이 때 governor TENSE와 governee himself, he를 포함하는 minimal governing
categor는 S가 된다. S내에서 himself는 John과 같은 index를 가지고 bound되었으나 himself는 그것의
antecedent와 bound되는 것이 아니므로 부적절하다. (Anaphor himself는 그것을 선행하는 coreferential
NP와 coindexed되지 않았음) 그러나 pronominal he는 governing category내에서 John과 동일한 index를
갖지 않고
free하므로 Binding Condition(16)(B)를 준수하였다. 따라서 (23) (b)는 grammatical well-
formed하다.
(26) (a) The soldiers disgraced themselves/them
S
NP1 VP
The soliders1 V NP1/2
disgraced themselves1
them2
The verb disgraced c-commands and governs the NP(themselves, them), assigning an accusative case.
The verb(disgraced) is a governor and the NP(themselves, them) is a governee, and the minimal
governing category containing the governor and the governee is S. The anaphor themselves1 is bound
with the soldiers1 within the governing category, and the pronominal them2 is free within the governing
category. Therefore, preserving the index in the anaphor and pronominal NP, the sentence obeys Bind-
ing
Condition (A) and (B)
(26) (a) The soldiers disgraced themselves/them
(b) The soldiers’ behavior disgraced them/*themselves
NP3 c-commands them(selves)
NP2 doesn’t c-commands
them(selves)
them2/*3/4, themselves*2/*3/*4
governor governee
minimal governing category
♣ BC(A) requires that themselves must be coindexed with the antecedent which c-commands it within S.
NP3 the soldiers’ behavior c-commands themselves but it violates Matching Condition. NP2 the sol-
diers’
doesn’t c-commands themselves and themselves cannot be bound, resulting in violating BC(A).
♣ BC(B) requires that them must not be coindexed with anything which c-commands it within S.
NP3 c-commands them but it violates Matching Condition, and them cannot be coindexed with NP3.
Rather, NP2 doesn’t c-command them, and so them2/4 can be free, resulting in satisfying BC(B).
(28) [NP2The soldiers’ behavior] condemns itself2 (satisfying BC(A) and Matching Condi-
tion)
(29) Mary thinks that [s she will win] (satisfying BC(B) and Matching Condition)
(30) *Mary thinks that [s herself will win] (not satisfying BC(A))
(31) (a) Mary2 thinks that [s she2 will win] (satisfying BC(B) since she2/3 is free within
(b) Mary2 thinks that [s she3 will win] governing category S)
# Consider the following sentences
(34) Mary2 considers herself2 to be the best candidate
(35) *Mary2 considers herself3 to be the best candidate
Q: What is the governing category?
What are the governer and the governee?
S’
COMP S minimal governing category including the governor and
NP VP the governee
Mary2 V S considers assigns a case to herself
considers NP VP S’-deletion: consider, want, expect, saw (p. 329)
herself2 to V’
V NP
be the best candidate
governor governee
The anaphor herself is governed by the verb considers, and the minimal governing category is
the higher S. Herself is bound within the governing category S and so it satisfies Binding Condi-
tion (A).
