2. Articulatory Phonetics(조음음성학)
- The production of any sound involves the movement of air. Most speech sounds are produced by
pushing lung air through the vocal cords, up the throat, into the mouth or nose and finally out of the
body.
- By moving the different parts of the vocal tract such as lips, tongue, glottis, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity
and nasal cavity we changes their shapes, which results in the different sounds of language.
(1) Consonants(자음)
(a) Place of Articulation(조음장소): Refer to page 196.
Consonants can be classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow restriction occurs,
called the place of articulation. Movement of the tongue and lips creates the constriction, reshaping
the oral cavity in various ways to produce the various sounds.
Bilabials(양순음): articulated by both lips together - [p], [b], [m]
Labiodentals(순치음): articulated by touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth - [f], [v]
Interdentals(치음): pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth - [Ɵ], [ð]
Alveolars(치경음): pronounced with the tongue raised in various ways to the alveolar ridge
- [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], [r]
Palatals(경구개음): articulated by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate - [
ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ],
[j]
Velars(연구개음): produced by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate or velum. - [k], [g],
[
ŋ]
Glottals(성문음):
- The sound of [h] is from the flow of air through the open glottis and past the tongue
and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h].
- A glottal stop [ʔ] is produced when the air is stopped completely at the glottis by
tightly closed vocal cords and released. The interjection uh-oh, which you hope never
to hear your dentist utter, has two glottal stops and is spelled phonetically [ʔʌʔo]
(b) Manner of Articulation(조음방법):
- Speech sounds vary in the way the airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs up and out of
the mouth and nose.
- It may be blocked or partially blocked; the vocal cords may vibrate or not vibrate.
Stops(폐쇄음): These are consonants in which the airstream is completely blocked in the oral
cavity
for a short period. – oral stops [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [
ʧ], [ʤ], [ʔ]
nasal stops [m], [n], [ŋ]
9<2>
-
[p], [b], and [m] are bilabial stops, with the airstream stopped at
the mouth
by the complete closure of the lips.
-
[t], [d], and [n] are alveolar stops; the airstream is stopped by the
tongue,
making a complete closure at the alveolar ridge.
- [k], [g], and [ŋ] are velar stops, with the complete closure at the
velum.
-
[
ʤ] and [ʧ] are palatal affricates with complete stop closure.
They will be
further classified later.
- [ʔ] is a glottal stop; the air is completely stopped at the glottis.