- Velarization: This term refers to the raising of the back of the tongue toward,
but not touching, the velum, as for the vowel [u] without the lip rounding.
In English, there is a velarized lateral [ɫ], which occurs in the syllable-final
position and before a consonant.
e.g.) ball, milk, almost, oil
[bɔɫ] [mɪɫk] [ɔ:ɫmost] [ɔɪɫ]
- Pharyngealization: This refers to the lowering of the back of the tongue and
a retraction of the root toward the pharynx wall, resulting in a narrowing
of the pharynx. The diacritic for pharyngealization is the same as it for
velarization.
e.g.) roar[rɔ:r]
※Other Secondary Articulation
- dentalization: A consonant before and after the dental sound can be den-
talized.
This sound is described as [ ̪].
e.g.) both tub, tenth
[boɵ tʌb] [tɛnɵ]
- nasalization: The vowels before a nasal sound can be nasalized, described
as
[ ̃].
e.g.) man bend
[mæn] [bɛnd]
1.4.4 Consonants made with non-pulmonic airstream mecha-
nisms
- All of the sounds produced in many languages use the air from the lungs and
exclusively made with this pulmonic egressive(outgoing airflow)
airstream.
- Clicks: Clicks are known as sounds made with velaric ingressive airstream
mechanism. The lowering of the body of the tongue rarefies the air,
and when the front closure is removed, the air is sucked into the mouth.
The result is a clicking sound like "tsk-tsk".
1.6. Syllables and Suprasegmentals
(1) Syllables
The syllable is a phonological unit consisting of segments around the pivotal
vowel or vowel-like (diphthong) sound, which is known as the nucleus. The
nucleus is the element that every syllable contains, and the other elements
are
defined in relation to it; the consonant(s) before the nucleus are called the
onset, and the consonant(s) after it the coda. Nucleus and coda together are
known as the rhyme(or rime).
dog[dɔg]
onset rhyme
∖
nucleus coda
d ɔ g
- Syllables are classified as closed(with cods(s)) and open (lacking coda(s)).
closed syllables: hand, dog, pitch, up, rough, ...
open syllables: through, play, die, low,