3.5 Approximants
(1) Liquids /l, r/ and glides /y, w/ form the category of approxi-
mants.
Approximants are joined with stops or fricatives in two-member English
onset clusters.
onset onset
/l/ : sl, fl /w/: sw, ɵw
/r/ : fr, ɵr, ʃr /j/ : mj, fj, vj, hj
(2) When the first member of the onset cluster is a voiceless obstruent,
approximants are devoiced: pray, sleep, sweet
(3) Liquids can be syllabic in English: Nasals required an obstruent as
the
preceding segment to become syllabic, while liquids can accept any
consonant for this condition.
e.g.) channel [ʧæ.n ] kennel [kɛ.n ]
apple[ ], removal[ ], pickle[ ], eagle[ ]
(4) When the consonant that precedes the lateral is preceded by another
consonant, we normally insert an [ə] between the liquid and the consonant
preceding it, and thus, the liquid does not become syllabic.
e.g.) pistol [pɪstəl], tingle [tɪŋgəl], candle [kændəl]
(5) The alveolar lateral liquid, /l/, which is produced with varying degree of
“velarization” is articulated in a more forward (dental) fashion when it is
followed by an interdental fricative:
e.g.) wealth kill them
(6) The retroflex approximant /r/ is produced with the tip of the tongue
curled back toward the hard palate in AmE. The /r/ is produced with
friction (affricated) in onset clusters after the alveolar stops:
e.g.) try, dry
♣ Answer the questions 2, 3, 5 in Exercises on page 75.
4. English Vowels
4.2 Vowel Set of American English
FRONT CENTRAL BACK
HIGH beat [i] [u] boot
bit [ɪ] [ʊ] book
MID(high-mid) bait [e] an [ə] [o] boat
(low-mid) bet [ɛ] [ɔ] cloth
LOW bus [ʌ]
bat [æ] [a] pot
4.2.2 Tense-lax
The phonetic definition of “tense” vowel:
(a) It has a higher tongue position
(b) It has greater duration than its lax counterpart.
(c) It requires a greater muscular effort in production than the lax
vowel.
4.2 Vowel Set of American English
FRONT CENTRAL BACK
HIGH beat [i] [u] boot
bit [ɪ] [ʊ] book
MID(high-mid) bait [e] an [ə] [o] boat
(low-mid) bet [ɛ] [ɔ] cloth
LOW bus [ʌ]
bat [æ] [a] pot
4.2.2 Tense-lax
The phonetic definition of “tense” vowel:
(a) It has a higher tongue position
(b) It has greater duration than its lax counterpart.
(c) It requires a greater muscular effort in production than the lax
vowel.
- To summarize the tendencies in mutually exclusive environ-
ments, we can say
that phonologically “tense” vowels are typically found in
stressed open
syllables, while “lax” vowels are found in syllables with /ʃ/ or /ŋ/
coda.
- /o/ is Phonetically tense, while /ɔ/ phonetically lax. But they both can be
phonologically tense. (e.g. gnaw, thaw )
- There will be a problem with regard to “duration,” which the phonetically
based criterion focuses on:
shorter lax :/ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ʌ/ longer lax: /æ/
- To summarize the tendencies in mutually exclusive environ-
ments, we can say
that phonologically “tense” vowels are typically found in
stressed open
syllables, while “lax” vowels are found in syllables with /ʃ/ or /ŋ/
coda.
- /o/ is Phonetically tense, while /ɔ/ phonetically lax. But they both can be
phonologically tense. (e.g. gnaw, thaw )
- There will be a problem with regard to “duration,” which the phonetically
based criterion focuses on:
shorter lax :/ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ʌ/ longer lax: /æ/